(see English below)
A lo largo de las últimas dos décadas el Banco Mundial (BM) ha reconocido públicamente errores en varias de sus políticas y recomendaciones a los “países en desarrollo” en el campo de la educación. Destacamos aquí cinco errores reconocidos, cuyas repercusiones han sido nefastas y sumamente onerosas para nuestros países:
1. infraestructura: excesivo peso dado a la infraestructura en las décadas de 1960 y 1970, y posterior falta de mantenimiento;
2. educación primaria: argumento de la mayor ‘tasa de retorno’ de la educación primaria esgrimido por el BM para priorizar la inversión pública en este nivel en detrimento de otros niveles educativos (fines 1980s y 1990s), lo cual fue posteriormente reconocido como un error, cuando gobiernos y otros organismos internacionales ya habían adoptado estos lineamientos;
3. educación superior: abandono de la educación superior, aconsejando a los gobiernos dejar de invertir en las universidades y transferir esos fondos a la educación primaria, en base al mencionado argumento de la supuesta mayor 'tasa de retorno' de esta última (desde la década de 1980) y a la idea - equivocada - de que la "reforma educativa" debe hacerse avanzando gradualmente por niveles antes que de manera integral y sistémica;
4. alfabetización de adultos: afirmaciones de fracaso y desperdicio de recursos en la alfabetización de adultos en los países en desarrollo, basadas en una revisión documental encargada por el BM (Abadzi, 1994) que generalizaba conclusiones a partir de datos del Proyecto Piloto Experimental de Alfabetización realizado por la UNESCO en once países del mundo más de dos décadas atrás, en 1967-1972.
5. "proyecto": el tradicional “enfoque de proyecto”, rectificado en años recientes con el SWAp (Sector-Wide Approach) o enfoque sectorial, asumido como una manera más eficiente de encarar la "cooperación internacional".
Si el BM se ha equivocado tanto, en la investigación y en la acción, ¿por qué continuar aceptando su asesoría técnica y los préstamos asociados a ella? La Estrategia de Educación 2020 "Aprendizaje para Todos" (Learning for All) lanzada por el BM a fines de 2010 es más de lo mismo que no ha funcionado y que ha profundizado la dependencia y el endeudamiento entre los "países de bajos ingresos", los "países de medianos ingresos" y los "países en situación frágil", la nueva clasificación del BM para los otrora "países en desarrollo".
Algunas fuentes
▸ Referencia vinculadas al BM: Heyneman 1995; Lauglo 2001; Oxenham y Aoki 2001; Verspoor 1991; World Bank/UNESCO 2000 y discurso pronunciado por J. Wolfensohn durante el lanzamiento oficial del Informe sobre Educación Superior del Banco Mundial y UNESCO el 1 de marzo de 2000 en la sede del BM, en Washington D.C.;
▸ Conocimiento en Banca-rota: Evaluación dice que la investigación del Banco Mundial 'no es ni remotamente confiable', 2006.
▸ Rosa María Torres, Aprendizaje a lo largo de toda la vida: Un nuevo momento y una nueva oportunidad para el aprendizaje y la educación básica de adultos (AEBA) en el Sur, IIZ-DVV, Bonn, 2003; ASDI, Estocolmo, 2004.
▸ José Luis Coraggio y Rosa María Torres, La educación según el Banco Mundial. Un análisis de sus propuestas y métodos, Miño y Dávila/ CEM, Buenos Aires, 1997 (2a. ed., Buenos Aires/ México/ Madrid, 1999).
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World Bank's mistaken education policies
Over the past decades the World Bank (WB) has publicly acknowledged a number of mistaken policies and recommendations to “developìng countries” in the education field. These are five such mistakes:
1. infrastructure: excessive importance given to infrastructure in the 1960s and 1970s, and lack of maintenance;
2. primary education: ‘rates of return’ argument used to prioritize public investment in primary education (since the late 1980s), and later rectified, when governments and other international agencies had already assumed it and acted accordingly;
2. primary education: ‘rates of return’ argument used to prioritize public investment in primary education (since the late 1980s), and later rectified, when governments and other international agencies had already assumed it and acted accordingly;
3. higher education: neglect of higher education vis-à-vis primary education, based on the alledged higher 'rate of return' of the latter (since the 1980s) as well as on the - mistaken - assumption that "education reform" can proceed by levels and stages rather than adopting a necessary systemic approach;
4. adult literacy: allegations of failure and wastage of adult literacy programs in developing countries, based on one single literature review (Abadzi, 1994) which used data of UNESCO's Experimental World Literacy Programme (EWLP) conducted in eleven countries back in 1967-1972;
5. "the project": the traditional “project approach” was abandoned in favour of the SWAP - (Sector-Wide Approach), viewed as a more efficient and effective approach for international cooperation.
These and other policy recommendations by the WB are generally presented as resulting from studies done or commissioned by the WB. These studies are usually adopted uncritically and quoted widely by governments, international agencies, academic institutions, mass media, etc. However, the consistency and credibility of such WB studies have been questioned by specialists and researchers all over the world, and - most importantly - by realities, forcing the WB in many cases to rectify policies allegedly based on such studies.
If the WB has been wrong so many times, in research and in action, why continue accepting its technical advice and the loans associated to it? The Education Strategy 2020 "Learning for All" launched by the WB at the end of 2010 is more of the same that has not worked and that has deepened dependency and indebtment by "low-income countries", "middle-income countries" and "fragile countries" - the new WB country classification for the "developing world".
A few sources These and other policy recommendations by the WB are generally presented as resulting from studies done or commissioned by the WB. These studies are usually adopted uncritically and quoted widely by governments, international agencies, academic institutions, mass media, etc. However, the consistency and credibility of such WB studies have been questioned by specialists and researchers all over the world, and - most importantly - by realities, forcing the WB in many cases to rectify policies allegedly based on such studies.
If the WB has been wrong so many times, in research and in action, why continue accepting its technical advice and the loans associated to it? The Education Strategy 2020 "Learning for All" launched by the WB at the end of 2010 is more of the same that has not worked and that has deepened dependency and indebtment by "low-income countries", "middle-income countries" and "fragile countries" - the new WB country classification for the "developing world".
▸ WB-related sources: Heyneman 1995; Lauglo 2001; Oxenham and Aoki 2001; Verspoor 1991; World Bank/UNESCO 2000 and speech by J. Wolfensohn at the official launching of the World Bank/UNESCO Higher Education Report "Higher Education and Developing Countries: Peril and Promise" on March 1, 2000, in Washington D.C.
▸ Knowledge Bank-rupted: Evaluation says key World Bank research ‘not remotely reliable’, 2006.
▸ Rosa María Torres, Lifelong Learning in the South: Critical Issues and Opportunities for Adult Education, Sida Studies 11, Sida, Stockholm, 2004.
▸ José Luis Coraggio y Rosa María Torres, La educación según el Banco Mundial. Un análisis de sus propuestas y métodos, Miño y Dávila/ CEM, Buenos Aires, 1997 (2a. ed., Buenos Aires/ México/ Madrid, 1999). Spanish only.
To learn more
▸ Katarina Tomasevski, Six reasons why the World Bank should be debarred from education (2006)
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Rosa María Torres, Knowldedge-based international aid: Do we want it? Do we need it?
Rosa María Torres, Lifelong Learning for the North, Primary Education for the South?
Rosa María Torres, About "good practice" in international co-operation in education
Rosa María Torres, Recipe for education reform
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