Showing posts with label MDG. Show all posts
Showing posts with label MDG. Show all posts

Learning to Read and Write is Life-long and Life-wide

NORRAG  / NORRAG blog






Today is International #LiteracyDay ! This week’s blog by @rosamariatorres breaks down some of the key issues & challenges of policies & debates around this topic. 8 Sep. 2023.
 
Learning to Read and Write is Life-long and Life-wide

In this blogpost, published on the occasion of International Literacy Day, Rosa María Torres breaks down some of the key issues and challenges when it comes to debates and policies related to literacy. One of her key arguments is that dealing with illiteracy requires a lifelong learning policy framework that goes beyond schooling.

This blog is dedicated to Emilia Ferreiro.

It is estimated that by 1950 36% of the world adult population was literate (Our World in Data). In 1958 UNESCO adopted the definition of literacy that became well known: “the ability of an individual to read and write with understanding a simple short statement related to his/her everyday life”. Literacy statistics have been collected since then with that definition in mind. Numeracy – basic mathematics: ability to add, subtract, multiply and divide – is often added as a separate category. Over the past few years the definition of what it means to be literate has expanded and become more complex, embracing digital literacy and multiple skill domains (UNESCO, 2023).

The dichotomy illiterate/literate is now obsolete; it is acknowledged that there are different levels of mastery of the written language and different types of texts. Also, it is now clear that illiteracy is not only related to absence of schooling – so called “absolute” illiterates – but also to poor quality schooling.

In 1964 UNESCO published the Declaration on Eradication of Illiteracy. The aspiration to eradicate illiteracy has been abandoned and substituted by reducing illiteracy (reducing illiteracy to half was, for example, one of the six goals of Education for All 1990-2015). The aspiration of universal literacy has also been abandoned; now the goal is reaching “all youth (15-24 years old) and a substantial proportion of adults” (SDG4) (Torres, 2017; see also Torres, 2013).

Over the last decades there has been little progress with adult literacy statistics. Literacy for All was placed at the heart of Education for All; however, it was “one of the most neglected EFA goals”. In 2005 it was estimated that 770 million adults did not have basic literacy skills, two thirds of them women (EFA Global Education Monitoring Report Team, 2005). In 2023 they were 763 million. Real figures are probably higher since in many countries these continue to be perceptions and self-evaluations (Do you know to read and write? Yes/No). The United Nations Literacy Decade (2003-2012), coordinated by UNESCO, had little visibility and little impact on the situation of literacy worldwide. UNESCO’s Strategy for Youth and Adult Literacy 2020-2025 acknowledged that “there are now more adults without literacy compared with 50 years ago, meaning that our efforts have not kept pace with population growth” (UNESCO, 2019). The Strategy considered four dimensions of learning: lifelong, lifewide, intersectoral, and universal.

Many challenges remain:

Literacy is an ageless concept. It applies to children, youth, and adults. However, it continues to be associated mainly with adults. Statistics refer to persons beyond 15 years of age. Illustrations related to literacy/illiteracy generally portray adult people, even when lifelong learning is mentioned.

Most people think of reading and writing as a learning process that takes place in childhood and in school; remedial and non-formal “second-chance” learning opportunities are arranged for those who could not learn in childhood. Literacy education remains a key mission of the school system, but many school systems are failing to accomplish such mission, especially for the poor and the most disadvantaged. (See Torres, 2013, on Emilia Ferreiro’s presentation)

Dealing with illiteracy implies not only a “two pronged approach” – with children and with adults – but an integrated approach that views child and adult learning as a continuum, within a lifelong learning policy framework (see Torres, 2012). The Base Document that we elaborated for the United Nations Literacy Decade, and that was approved at a special session during the World Education Forum in Dakar (2000), adopted a lifelong and lifewide learning framework. Unfortunately, UNESCO decided to discard the document and go back to UNLD as adult literacy (Torres, 2011).

▸ It is believed that teaching and learning to read and write is easy. Short literacy and post-literacy campaigns and programmes are offered to young people and adults. So-called “relapse into illiteracy” is usually the result of weak and incomplete literacy processes, and of lack of materials and opportunities to read and write. Children are expected to be proficient readers after three or four years of going to school, regardless of the conditions and obstacles faced by millions of them. The term “learning poverty” proposed by the World Bank applies to “children who are unable to read and understand a simple text by age 10” (Saavedra, 2019).

▸ In 2013, when Education for All (1990-2000-2015) and the Millennium Development Goals (2000-2015) were coming to a close, it was “discovered” that millions of children worldwide were not able to read, write and calculate after four or more years of schooling (UNESCO, 2013; EFA Global Education Monitoring Report Team, 2014). UNESCO and other international organizations spoke of a “global learning crisis”. The International Commission on the Futures of Education (2021) spoke also of a “teaching crisis”. In fact, we are facing a global education crisis that involves not only the school system but the family, the community, the media, the workplace. This is a systemic crisis that precedes the pandemic and demands a radical transformation in many fronts (Torres, 2023). In 1991, in Latin America, at a regional ministerial UNESCO-OREALC meeting, Ministers of Education signed the Quito Declaration proposing a “new education model” and announcing the beginning of “a new era of educational development that responds to the challenges of productive transformation, social equity, and political democratization”. More than 30 years later the old model is still in place (Torres, 2014).

”Learning crisis” and “learning poverty” concepts are currently at the center of global education reform efforts. Both are centered around the school system. “Learning poverty” focuses on reading (it does not include writing). There is however plenty of knowledge showing that literacy – and reading in particular – start at home and in early childhood, and are highly sensitive to context, family, socio-economic and cultural issues. Availability of reading facilities (libraries, mobile libraries) and reading materials at home and in the community – letters, posters, newspapers, magazines, comics, books, catalogs, menus, movie and TV subtitles, calendars, signs, labels, graffiti, texts produced by children themselves (Torres, 2012) – makes a big difference. There is a strong correlation between educated mothers and children’s literacy acquisition and development. Improving children’s foundational learning implies going beyond the school system and paying attention to the family, the community, the availability of reading materials, language issues, parental literacy/education, play, informal learning, peer-to-peer learning, and poverty eradication.

The Author

Dr. Rosa Maria Torres del Castillo is an Ecuadorian education expert and social activist specialised in basic education, reading and writing, and lifelong learning. She has worked as education advisor for a range of civil society, non-governmental and international organizations, such as UNICEF and UNESCO. In 1988-1990 she was Pedagogical Director of the National Literacy Campaign “Monseñor Leonidas Proaño” and in 2003 she served as Minister of Education and Cultures, in Ecuador.  She is the author of over 15 books and numerous articles on education and learning.


Literacy: From «all» to «a substantial proportion of adults»



Between 1980 and 2015 the goal referred to youth and adult literacy went from «eradicating illiteracy» (Major Project of Education for Latin America and the Caribbean, 1980-2000) to «all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men and women, achieve literacy and numeracy» (Sustainable Development Goals, 2015-2030).

In other words: current SDGs propose universal literacy for youth (15 to 24 year-olds) and an undefined goal for people beyond 25 years of age. This contradicts the Lifelong Learning rhetoric as well as SDG 4: "Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education for all and promote lifelong learning."


Texto en español: Alfabetización: De «todos» a «una proporción sustancial de los adultos»



Major Project of Education (1980-2000) | UNESCO-OREALC

In 1980, the Major Project of Education for Latin America and the Caribbean - MPE (1980-2000) was approved in Mexico. MPE was coordinated by UNESCO's Regional Office in Santiago, Chile. MPE proposed to achieve three goals by the year 2000. One of them was
«eradicating illiteracy». The final evaluation of the project, in 2000, revealed that the goals were not met. 
 
1. Eight to ten years' minimum schooling for all children of school age.
2. Eradication of illiteracy and expansion of educational facilities for adults.
3. Improving the quality and efficiency of educational systems and education in general, through the implementation of necessary reforms and effective systems designed for measuring learning.

Education for All (1990-2000) | UNESCO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank

The Education for All (EFA) world initiative was approved in1990 at the World Conference on Education for All held in Jomtien-Thailand. EFA proposed six basic education goals that covered children, youth and adults, in and out of school. One of those goals (goal 4) was reducing the adult illiteracy rate by half.
EFA's evaluation, presented in 2000 at the World Education Forum in Dakar, concluded that the goals were not met. The decision was to postpone the goals for another 15 years. 
 
1. Expansion of early childhood care and development activities, including family and community interventions, especially for poor, disadvantaged and disabled children.
2. Universal access to, and completion of, primary education (or whatever higher
level  of education is considered «basic») by 2000.
3. Improvement in learning achievement such that an agreed percentage of an appropriate age cohort (e.g. 80% of 14 year-olds) attains or surpasses a defined level of necessary learning achievement.
4. Reduction in the adult illiteracy rate (the appropriate age cohort to be determined in each country) to, say, one-half its 1990 level by the year 2000, with sufficient emphasis on female literacy to significantly reduce the current disparity between the male and female illiteracy rates.
5. Expansion of provision of basic education and training in other essential skills required by youth and adults, with programme effectiveness assessed in terms of behavioural changes and impacts on health, employment and productivity.
6. Increased acquisition by individuals and families of the knowledge, skills and values required for better living and sound and sustainable development, made available through all educational channels including the mass media, other forms of modern and traditional communication, and social action, with effectiveness assessed in terms of behavioural change.

Education for All (2000-2015)
| UNESCO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank

In 2000, at the World Education Forum held in Dakar-Senegal, the six EFA goals were ratified, with some modifications. The goal referred to literacy (goal 4) remained as
"achieving a 50 per cent improvement in levels of adult literacy". EFA's final evaluation in 2015 confirmed that the goals were not met. EFA remained as an "unfinished agenda".

1. Expanding and improving comprehensive early childhood care and education, especially for the most vulnerable and disadvantaged children.
2.  Ensuring that by 2015 all children, particularly girls, children in difficult circumstances and those belonging to ethnic minorities, have access to and complete free and compulsory primary education of good quality.
3. Ensuring that the learning needs of all young people and adults are met through equitable access to appropriate learning and life skills programmes.
4. Achieving a 50 per cent improvement in levels of adult literacy by 2015, especially for women, and equitable access to basic and continuing education for all adults.
5. Eliminating gender disparities in primary and secondary education by 2015, with a focus on ensuring girls’ full and equal access to and achievement in basic education of good quality.
6. Improving all aspects of the quality of education and ensuring excellence for all so that recognized and measurable learning outcomes are achieved by all, especially in literacy, numeracy and essential life skills.

Millennium Development Goals (2000-2015)
| United Nations 

In 2000 the United Nations launched the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), a global multisectoral agenda with eight goals to be achieved by 2015. The goal referred to education - Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education- focused on children (completing four years of schooling). It was not met. The MDGs did not include a goal for adult literacy. 


Sustainable Development Goals - SDG (2015-2030)
| United Nations

In 2015, both EFA and MDG goals reached their deadline, and the Sustainable Development Goals (2015-2030) were approved. The Agenda 2030 was organized around 17 goals.
SDG 4 refers to education: 
SDG 4 encompasses 10 targets summarized as follows:
4.1 Universal primary and secondary education
4.2 Early childhood development and universal pre-primary education
4.3 Equal access to technical/vocational and higher education
4.4 Relevant skills for decent work
4.5 Gender equality and inclusion
4.6 Universal youth and adult literacy
4.7 Education for sustainable development and global citizenship
4.a Effective learning environments
4.b Expand the number of scholarships available to developing countries
4.c Increase the supply of qualified teachers.

The target related to literacy (target 4.6) reads "by 2030, ensure all youth and a substantial proportion of adults, both men and women, achieve literacy and numeracy.“


According to UNESCO (2016 data, projected to 2017),
in 2017 there were 260 million children who could not read and write, and 750 million adults in the same condition. Women continued to be two thirds of the adult illiterates. 102 million were young people between 15 and 24 years of age. Globally, between 2000 and 2015, the youth and adult literacy rate increased only 4%.

In terms of age, literacy rates are organized as follows:
- 86%: 15+
- 91%: 15 to 24
- 86%: 15 to 64 
- 78%: 65+

In most countries, literacy/illiteracy data continue to be collected through census and house surveys where people respond Yes or No to the question of whether they are illiterate. 


Lifelong Learning opportunities for all?


With regards to youth and adult literacy goals, between
1980 and 2015 we moved from «eradicating illiteracy" to ensuring universal literacy for youth and reaching «a substantial proportion of adults».

UNESCO document Unpacking Sustainable Development Goal 4: Education 2030 (2017) clarifies that target 4.6 understands «youth» as 15 to 25 years of age.

The document also explains that (p. 13):
"The principles, strategies and actions for this target are underpinned by the contemporary understanding of literacy as a continuum of proficiency levels in a given context. It goes beyond the understanding of a simple dichotomy of ‘literate’ versus ‘illiterate’. Therefore, action for this target aims at ensuring that by 2030, all young people and adults across the world should have achieved relevant and recognized proficiency levels in functional literacy and numeracy skills that are equivalent to levels achieved at successful completion of basic
education."
However, target 4.6 indicates that it is not all young people and adults who will be made literate. Moreover, a summary of the global goals indicates that only young people will be taken into account (p. 16).

In the 1970s and 1980s we criticized the «eradication of illiteracy» rhetoric for its grotesque and simplified vision of illiteracy and literacy.

Today, the SDG Agenda proposes universal literacy for youth and reaching
«a substantial proportion of adults». Once again, we must expect adult literacy to have no priority.

This happens at a time when Lifelong Learning is proposed by UNESCO as the educational paradigm for the 21st century and in the framework of an education goal that promises to
«Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all».

 
To know more

»
UNESCO Institute for Statistics - Literacy


Related texts in this blog

» Los erradicadores del analfabetismo

» ¿Renuncia a un mundo alfabetizado? | Giving up to a literate world?
»
Alfabetización de adultos en América Latina y el Caribe: planes y metas 1980-2015 
» Seis metas de Educación para Todos
| Six Education for All goals
» Carta Abierta a la UNESCO por parte del GLEACE en 2007

» Ecuador: El fiasco de la alfabetización
| Ecuador's literacy fiasco
» International Initiatives for Education | Iniciativas internacionales para la educación
 

OTRA∃DUCACION - Texts in English


Poetic and Dreamlike Paper Cut Artworks - Fubiz

This is a bilingual blog. Most texts are published in Spanish. Here is a compilation of texts written in English (alphabetical order).

10 false ideas on education in Finland
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2016/03/10-false-ideas-on-education-in-finland.html

 

12 Theses on Educational Change
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2010/12/12-theses-on-educational-change.html

1990-2015: Education for All Educación para Todos (compilation)
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2014/08/1990-2015-education-for-all-educacion.html

1990-2030: Global education goals
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2015/09/1990-2030-global-education-goals-metas.html

25 Years of Education for All
http://educacion-para-todos.blogspot.com/2013/03/25-anos-de-educacion-para-todos-25.html

About 'good practice' in international co-operation in education
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2011/11/what-would-be-good-practice-in.html

Adult Literacy in Latin America and the Caribbean: Plans and Goals 1980-2015
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2011/05/adult-literacy-in-latin-amrica-and.html

Basic learning needs: Different frameworks
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2011/11/basic-learning-needs-different.html

Beautiful letters
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2011/07/lindas-letras-beautiful-letters.html


Child learning and adult learning revisited

http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2012/02/child-learning-and-adult-learning.html

Children of the Basarwa (Botswana)
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2010/09/children-of-basarwa.html

Children's right to basic education
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2010/11/childrens-right-to-basic-education.html

Children's rights: A community learning experience in Senegal
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2010/01/children-rights-community-learning.html

Cuba and Finland
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2013/06/cuba-and-finland.html

Ecuador's literacy fiasco
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2017/10/ecuadors-literacy-fiasco.html


Education First

http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2012/09/educacion-primero-education-first.html


Ecuador: Good Bye to Community and Alternative Education
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2013/11/ecuador-good-bye-to-community-and.html

Education for adaptation?
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2010/10/educacion-adaptarse-un-mundo-cambiante.html

Education for All 2000-2015 - How did Latin America and the Caribbean do?
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2015/04/education-for-all-2000-2015-how-did.html 

Education in the Information Society
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2011/05/education-in-information-society.html

Escuela Nueva: An innovation within formal education (Colombia)
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2013/11/escuela-nueva-innovation-within-formal.html

Farewells
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2015/06/despedidas-farewells.html


Finland Study Visit

http://otra-educacion.blogspot.fi/2015/10/visita-de-estudio-finlandia-finland-study-visit.html


Finland's education compared

http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2013/07/finlands-education-compared-la.html


Formal, non-formal and informal learning

http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2016/08/formal-non-formal-and-informal-learning_21.html


From literacy to lifelong learning: Trends, Issues and Challenges of Youth and Adult Education in Latin America and the Caribbean

http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2011/05/from-literacy-to-lifelong-learning-de.html

From school community to learning community
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2015/03/from-school-community-to-learning.html

Goal 4: Education - Sustainable Development Goals
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2015/09/on-goal-4-education-sustainable.html
- SDG: Translation issues
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2015/09/sdg-translation-issues-ods-problemas-de.html

Girls' education: Lessons from BRAC (Bangladesh)
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2017/01/girls-education-lessons-from-brac.html


Giving up to a literate world?

http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2013/11/giving-up-to-literate-world.html

GLEACE: Letter to UNESCO on the Literacy Decade (2003-2012)
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2012/01/letter-to-unesco-on-literacy-decade.html

Kazi, the Graceless
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2010/09/kazi-el-sin-gracia.html

Knowledge-based international aid: Do we want it? Do we need it?
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2011/10/knowldedge-based-international-aid-do.html

Latin America over-satisfied with public education
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2014/06/latin-america-oversatisfied-with-public.html

Latin America: Six decades of education goals http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2016/09/latin-america-six-decades-of-education-goals.html

Lifelong Learning: moving beyond Education for All
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2011/02/lifelong-learning-moving-beyond.html

Lifelong Learning for the North, Primary Education for the South?
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2011/11/lifelong-learning-for-north-primary.html

Lifelong Learning in the South: Critical Issues and Opportunities for Adult Education, Sida Studies 11, Stockholm, 2004
http://www.sida.se/English/publications/Publication_database/publications-by-year1/2004/november/lifelong-learning-in-the-south-critical-issues-and-opportunities-for-adult-education/ 
http://www.sida.se/contentassets/d60c67d64bf947b1b147419f7751a466/lifelong-learning-in-the-south-critical-issues-and-opportunities-for-adult-education_1614.pdf

Literacy and Lifelong Learning: The linkages
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2012/01/literacy-and-lifelong-learning-linkages.html

Literacy for All: A renewed vision
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2011/02/literacy-for-all-renewed-vision.html

Literacy for All: A United Nations Literacy Decade (2003-2012): Base Document for the Literacy Decade (2000)
http://www.slideshare.net/RosaMariaTorres2015/base-document-united-nations-literacy-decade-20032012


Military spending in education
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2011/03/military-spending-and-education-gasto.html

Now comes PISA for 'developing countries'
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2014/05/now-comes-pisa-for-developing-countries.html

On education in Finland
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2013/06/on-education-in-finland-sobre-la.html
 
On innovation and change in education
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2013/03/on-innovation-and-change-in-education.html

On Learning Anytime, Anywhere (WISE 2011)
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2011/11/on-learning-anytime-anywhere.html

One child, one teacher, one book and one pen
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2015/10/one-child-one-teacher-one-book-and-one-pen-one.html

One Decade of 'Education for All': The Challenge Ahead (IIEP-UNESCO Buenos Aires, 2000, PDF)
http://www.iipe-buenosaires.org.ar/publicaciones/one-decade-education-all-challenge-ahead
http://www.buenosaires.iipe.unesco.org/sites/default/files/education.pdf 

Open letter to school children
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2010/08/open-letter-to-school-children.html 

OTRA∃DUCACION: Lo más visitado ▸ Most visited
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2015/12/otraducacion-lo-mas-visitado-most.html

Public gym stations in Beijing and Quito
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2015/10/chinas-public-gym-stations-in-beijing-and-quito.html


Reaching the Unreached: Non-Formal Approaches and Universal Primary Education

http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2013/06/reaching-unreached-non-formal.html

"Rethinking education" and adult education

http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2016/08/rethinking-education-and-adult-education.html


Six 'Education for All' Goals

http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2013/01/six-education-for-all-goals-seis-metas.html

South Africa 1993: A moment with Mandela
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2013/12/south-africa-1993-moment-with-mandela.html

Stop PISA!
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2014/05/stop-pisa-paren-pisa.html

The 4 As as criteria to identify 'good practices' in education
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2011/10/4-as-as-criteria-to-identify-good.html 

The green, the blue, the red and the pink schools
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2010/10/green-blue-red-and-pink-schools.html

There is no "education for the 21st century"
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2010/10/there-is-no-education-for-21st-century.html

The million Paulo Freires
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2011/02/million-paulo-freires.html

The oldest and the youngest

http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-oldest-and-youngest-los-mas-viejos.html


The virtuous C (Keys for a renewed learning culture)

http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2013/01/la-virtuosa-c-virtuous-c.html

The World Economic Forum and education quality

http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2014/04/the-world-economic-forum-and.html

Transforming formal education from a lifelong learning perspective
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2013/10/transforming-formal-education-from.html

We are Latin America
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2012/05/somos-america-latina-we-are-latin.html

What did the MDGs achieve?  
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2015/10/what-did-millennium-development-goals-achieve.html


What Happened at the World Education Forum in Dakar (2000)?
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2015/05/what-happened-at-world-education-forum.html

What is 'basic education'?
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2014/09/what-happened-to-expanded-vision-of.html

What is youth and adult education - today? http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2017/01/what-is-youth-and-adult-education-today.html

WISE Prize for Education Laureates: Bottom-up Innovators
http://otra-educacion.blogspot.com/2013/11/wise-prize-for-education-laureates.html



Aprender a lavarse las manos



Tomado del sitio del BRAC

La pandemia del coronavirus (Covid-19) ha puesto a toda la humanidad a lavarse las manos. Es decir, a quienes tienen agua e instalaciones en sus casas, en sus escuelas y comunidades, el 40% de la población mundial (3.000 millones de personas) según UNICEF. El lavado de manos y el distanciamiento social son las dos medidas más importantes para protegerse del virus y así seguirá siendo mientras no se desarrolle un tratamiento y una vacuna para la enfermedad.

Por increíble que parezca, algo tan fundamental, de vida o muerte, como lavarse las manos con jabón, y hacerlo bien, es algo que no nos enseñan ni en el hogar ni en la comunidad ni en la escuela. Ha tenido que irrumpir una pandemia para que la humanidad tome conciencia y se vea forzada a hacerlo. Yo lo aprendí ya de adulta, en mi primera visita a Bangaldesh a inicios de los 1990s. Esa es la historia que les cuento aquí.


Desde el año 2008, el 15 de octubre se celebra como Día Mundial del Lavado de Manos. Lavarse las manos - dicen los estudios y los expertos - es la manera más sencilla de prevenir enfermedades y salvar millones de vidas.

Foto: BRAC
El día y el tema me recuerdan, inevitablemente, un viaje a Bangladesh a inicios de los 1990s y una visita al programa de educación del BRAC, una ONG renombrada y premiada mundialmente y una de las más grandes del sudeste asiático. Fui como funcionaria y asesora de UNICEF, cuyo apoyo continuado ha sido fundamental para el programa.

El sistema de escuelas del BRAC apenas empezaba por entonces. Escuelitas sencillas, modestas, pero acogedoras, de una sola habitación, ubicadas en zonas rurales y destinadas sobre todo a atraer a las niñas, con horario reducido a fin justamente de facilitar que las familias manden a sus hijas a la escuela.

Foto: BRAC

Ese fue mi primer viaje al Asia y esas las primeras escuelas que ví en las que los niños - y a menudo también los maestros - se sientan en el suelo y usan el suelo como espacio múltiple, de aprendizaje y recreación. Con ayuda del traductor que me acompañaba, pude comunicarme con las maestras y con los niños.

Empecé a fijarme en unos carteles escritos a mano colocados por todo lado. Pregunté qué decía el mensaje y me dijeron: "No te olvides de lavarte las manos". En el suelo y sobre las paredes había asimismo láminas, cartillas y otros materiales impresos con mensajes de higiene y de salud.
Foto: Compassion

Aprender a lavarse las manos con agua y jabón, y hacerlo regularmente después de ir al baño y antes de comer, era - sigue siendo - una parte muy importante del currículo y de la convivencia escolar en el sistema BRAC. Igual que otras normas básicas como el uso adecuado de la letrina y hervir el agua para la preparación de los alimentos. Lo que los niños aprendían en la escuela debían llevarlo a sus casas y enseñarlo a sus familias. Así pues, el objetivo escolar no se detiene en qué aprenden los niños sino en qué aprenden sus familias a través de ellos y en el impacto de esos aprendizajes sobre la vida familiar y comunitaria. Una visión y una lección inspiradoras que incorporé desde entonces.

Había visto escuelas en contextos de gran pobreza pero ninguna que le diera tanta importancia a lavarse las manos; a lo sumo, el tema incorporado como una lección en el texto escolar y, quizás, algún poster estacionado en la pared. ¿Por qué tanto énfasis en el lavado de manos?, le pregunté a una maestra en una de las escuelas que visité. Quería escuchar su punto de vista. "Porque hacemos todo con las manos", fue la simple explicación.

Foto: Compassion
Solo al día siguiente entendería cabalmente sus palabras. Una joven a la que conocí en el avión me había invitado a cenar a su casa, en Dhaka. Casa grande, hermosa, lujosa. Sus padres me atendieron con gran cordialidad. Antes de sentarnos a la mesa, a cada quien se le dio un pequeño cuenco con agua para lavarse las manos y un lienzo para secarlas. Ya en la mesa, gran variedad de platillos pero ni un solo cubierto. Aprendí allí mismo a comer con las manos. Un descubrimiento extraordinario y una experiencia inolvidable. La comida entrando por la vista y el olfato, luego por el tacto, y recién entonces por el gusto. 

Sigo de cerca al BRAC, que en estos años se ha ampliado a otros países y ha ganado múltiples premios internacionales. Leo que ha desarrollado un programa llamado WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene), dirigido a familias y comunidades. Más de 8.000 personas trabajan en el programa, con 65.000 comités comunitarios. Leo también que en 2010 Bangladesh sentó un nuevo record en el Día Mundial de Lavado de Manos, con 52.790 estudiantes lavándose las manos en simultáneo.

52,970 students washed their hands
in 2010 Bangladesh 52,970 students washed their hands simultaneously and set a world record (Unilever/Lifebuoy, 2010 - See more at: http://www.observerbd.com/2015/10/15/115418.php#sthash.dw5NVcm7.dpuf
Foto: Global Handwashing Day
WASH se creó en 2006 inicialmente a fin de lograr la meta 7 de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio: reducir a la mitad la proporción de personas sin acceso a agua potable y a sanidad básica. El programa se dirige a zonas rurales y apartadas, proveyendo letrinas, agua potable y conocimientos esenciales sobre higiene. Los logros son espectaculares: 90% de las comunidades involucradas usan letrina y 80% se lava las manos con agua y jabón después de usar la letrina y antes de comer. En el centro, el sistema escolar cambiándose a sí mismo y sirviendo de agente de cambio de los demás.

Como en tantas otras cosas, Bangladesh muestra caminos e inspira en la larga y dura lucha mundial contra la pobreza.

Foto: reunión del programa WASH con los niños en una comunidad

Otros artículos sobre Bangladesh y el BRAC en este blog

Kazi, el sin gracia
Una educación para resolver problemas de la vida
Los Laureados con el Premio WISE a la Educación

Textos relacionados en OTRAƎDUCACION
Manipuladoras de alimentos, manipuladoras de textos (Chile)
Educación y salud: juntas pero separadas
"Niños, no se olviden de usar el hilo dental" (Brasil)

What did the MDGs achieve? | ¿Qué lograron los ODM?


Rosa María Torres


The texts below were copied (Oct. 12, 2015) from the official site of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG). I put together the English and Spanish versions. I also add a few notes. For more information see the MDG Report 2015: Final assessment of progress toward achieving the MDGs and the Final MDG Report 2015. You may also take a look at the MDG Monitor and the MDG Indicators site where you find the indicators for each goal, the MDG database as well as region and country progress charts.


Los textos de abajo fueron tomados (12 oct. 2015) del sitio oficial de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM). Pongo aquí juntas la versión en inglés y en español. Agrego algunas notas. Para más información ver el MDG Report 2015: Final assessment of progress toward achieving the MDGs y el Informe Final 2015 de los ODM. Ver también el Sitio Oficial de los Indicadores de los ODM, donde están los indicadores para cada meta, la base de datos de los ODM y cuadros de avance regional y por países.

- Naciones Unidas, Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. Informe de 2015, Nueva York, 2015


Ecuador (Senplades)
Objetivos del Milenio: Balance 2013

Objetivos del Milenio: Balance 2014


GOAL 1: ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER
OBJETIVO 1: ERRADICAR LA POBREZA EXTREMA Y EL HAMBRE


Target 1.A: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than $1.25 a day

Meta 1.A: Reducir a la mitad, entre 1990 y 2015, la proporción de personas con ingresos inferiores a 1,25 dólares al día
  • The target of reducing extreme poverty rates by half was met 5 years ahead of the 2015 deadline.
  • More than 1 billion people have been lifted out of extreme poverty since 1990.
  • In 1990, nearly half of the population in the developing regions lived on less than $1.25 a day. This rate dropped to 14% in 2015.
  • At the global level more than 800 million people are still living in extreme poverty.
  • El objetivo de reducir a la mitad las tasas de pobreza extrema se alcanzó 5 años antes de la fecha límite fijada para 2015.
  • La tasa mundial de pobreza de personas que viven con menos de 1,25 dólares al día descendió en 2010 a menos de la mitad de la registrada en 1990. Si bien en 2010, 700 millones de personas habían dejado de vivir en condiciones de extrema pobreza en comparación con 1990, 1.200 millones de personas en todo el mundo se encuentran todavía en esa situación.
Target 1.B: Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people
Meta1.B: Alcanzar el empleo pleno y productivo y un trabajo decente para todos, incluidos mujeres y jóvenes
  • Globally, 300 million workers lived below the $1.25 a day poverty line in 2015.
  • The global employment-to-population ratio – the proportion of the working-age population that is employed – has fallen from 62% in 1991 to 60% in 2015, with an especially significant downturn during the global economic crisis of 2008/2009.
  • Only 4 in 10 young women and men aged 15-24 are employed in 2015, compared with 5 in 10 in 1991.
  • This goal was not achieved.
  • Esta meta no se alcanzó.
  • En 2011, 384 millones de trabajadores en el mundo vivían por debajo del umbral de pobreza con 1,25 dólares al día, lo que supone una reducción de 294 millones desde 2001.
  • Persiste la desigualdad de género en la tasa de empleo, que en 2012 alcanzaba una diferencia de 24,8 puntos porcentuales entre hombres y mujeres.
Target 1. C: Halve between 1990 and 2015 the proportion of people who suffer from hunger
Meta 1. C: Reducir a la mitad entre 1990 y 2015 la proporción de personas que padecen hambre
  • The proportion of undernourished people in the developing regions has fallen by almost half since 1990.
  • Globally, about 795 million people are estimated to be undernourished.
  • More than 90 million children under age 5 are still undernourished and underweight.
  • El objetivo de erradicar el hambre para 2015 es alcanzable.
  • Se calcula que en todo el mundo hay 842 millones de personas desnutridas.
  • Todavía más de 99 millones de niños menores de 5 años están desnutridos y tienen un peso inferior al normal.
MDG 1 infographic

GOAL 2: ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION
OBJETIVO 2: LOGRAR LA ENSEÑANZA PRIMARIA UNIVERSAL


Target 2.A: Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling

Meta 2.A: Asegurar que, en 2015, los niños y niñas de todo el mundo puedan terminar un ciclo completo de enseñanza primaria
  • This goal was not met. Esta meta no se cumplió.

  • Enrollment in primary education in developing regions reached 91% in 2015, up from 83% in 2000.
  • In 2015, 57 million children of primary school age were out of school.
  • Among youth aged 15 to 24, the literacy rate has improved globally from 83% to 91% between 1990 and 2015, and the gap between women and men has narrowed.
  • In the developing regions, children in the poorest households are four times as likely to be out of school as those in the richest households.
  • In countries affected by conflict, the proportion of out-of-school children increased from 30% in 1999 to 36% in 2012.
  • La gran mayoría de niños que no finalizan la escuela están en África subsahariana y el Sur de Asia.
  • Las desigualdades obstaculizan el avance hacia la educación universal.
  • My note: Enrolment data are provided but completion data are not (Indicator 2.2 "Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach last grade of primary"). The infographic below does not refer to completion either. The indicator said "survival to grade four". Now, that has been erased.
    Mi nota: Se registran datos de matrícula pero no de terminación (Indicador 22 "Proporción de alumnos que empieza el primer grado y llega al último grado de primaria"). La infografía abajo tampoco se refiere a terminación. El indicador decía "supervivencia al cuarto grado".
MDG 2 Infographic

GOAL 3: PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN
OBJETIVO 3: PROMOVER LA IGUALDAD ENTRE LOS SEXOS Y EL EMPODERAMIENTO DE LA MUJER

Target 3.A: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education no later than 2015

Meta 3.A: Eliminar las desigualdades entre los géneros en la enseñanza primaria y secundaria, preferiblemente para el año 2005, y en todos los niveles de la enseñanza antes de finales de 2015
  • The developing countries as a whole have achieved the target to eliminate gender disparity in primary, secondary and tertiary education.
  • Globally, about three quarters of working-age men participate in the labour force, compared to half of working-age women.
  • Women make up 41% of paid workers outside of agriculture, an increase from 35% in 1990.
  • The average proportion of women in parliament has nearly doubled over the past 20 years.
  • Women continue to experience significant gaps in terms of poverty, labour market and wages, as well as participation in private and public decision-making.
  • Para las adolescentes de algunas regiones, hacer realidad el derecho a la educación sigue siendo una meta difícil de alcanzar.
  • La pobreza es un importante obstáculo para la educación, especialmente entre las niñas de mayor edad.
  • En todas las regiones en vías de desarrollo, salvo en los países de la CEI, hay más hombres que mujeres en empleos remunerados.
  • A las mujeres se les suele relegar a las formas de empleo más vulnerables.
  • Gran cantidad de mujeres trabajan en empleos informales, con la consiguiente falta de prestaciones y seguridad laboral.
  • Los puestos en los niveles mas altos siguen obteniéndolos los hombres, la diferencia es abrumadora.
  • Las mujeres están accediendo lentamente al poder político, pero por lo general gracias a cuotas y otras medidas especiales.
  • My note: For more information on this target see 2015 EFA Gender Report.
MDG 3 Infographic

GOAL 4: REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY
OBJETIVO 4: REDUCIR LA MORTALIDAD DE LOS NIÑOS MENORES DE 5 AÑOS

Target 4.A: Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate
Meta 4.A: Reducir en dos terceras partes, entre 1990 y 2015, la mortalidad de niños menores de cinco años
  • Between 1990 and 2015, the global under-five mortality rate declined by more than half, dropping from 90 to 43 deaths per 1000 live births.
  • Between 1990 and 2015, the number of deaths in children under 5 worldwide declined from 12.7 million in 1990 to almost 6 million in 2015.
  • Children in rural areas are about 1.7 times more likely to die before their fifth birthday as those in urban areas.
  • Children of mothers with secondary or higher education are almost three times as likely to survive as children of mothers with no education.
  • While Sub-Saharan Africa has the world’s highest child mortality rate, the absolute decline in child mortality has been the largest over the past two decades.
  • Every day in 2015, 16,000 children under 5 continue to die, mostly from preventable causes. Child survival must remain a focus of the new sustainable development agenda.
  • La mortalidad infantil disminuyó, pero no lo suficientemente rápido como para alcanzar la meta.
  • La reactivación de la lucha contra la neumonía y la diarrea, junto con un refuerzo de la nutrición, podría salvar a millones de niños.
  • El reciente éxito en el control del sarampión podría ser efímero si no se cubren las interrupciones en el suministro de fondos.
MDG 4 Infographic

GOAL 5: IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH
OBJETIVO 5: MEJORAR LA SALUD MATERNA

Target 5.A:
Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio
Meta 5.A: Reducir un 75% la tasa de mortalidad materna entre 1990 y 2015
  • Since 1990, the maternal mortality ratio was cut nearly in half; most of the reduction occurred since 2000.
  • More than 71% of births were assisted by skilled health personnel globally in 2014, an increase from 59% in 1990.
  • Globally, there were an estimated 289,000 maternal deaths in 2013. 
  • My note: Maternal mortality was supposed to be reduced by three quarters and was reduced by half.
    Mi nota: La mortalidad materna debía reducirse en tres cuartas partes. Se redujo a la mitad.
  • Muchas muertes maternas podrían evitarse.
  • El alumbramiento es especialmente arriesgado en el sur de Asia y en África subsahariana, donde la mayoría de las mujeres paren sin atención sanitaria apropiada.
  • Se redujo la brecha entre áreas rurales y urbanas en cuanto a atención adecuada durante el parto.
Target 5.B: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health
Meta 5.B: Lograr, para 2015, el acceso universal a la salud reproductiva
  • After years of slow progress, only half of pregnant women receive the recommended amount of antenatal care.
  • My note: This target was not achieved.
    Mi nota: Esta meta no se cumplió.
  • Más mujeres están recibiendo cuidado prenatal.
  • Las desigualdades en la atención durante el embarazo son tremendas.
  • Sólo 1 de cada 3 mujeres en áreas rurales de regiones en vías de desarrollo recibe la atención recomendada durante el embarazo.
  • El progreso para reducir la cantidad de embarazos de adolescentes se ha estancado, lo cual deja a más madres jóvenes en situación de riesgo.
  • La pobreza y la falta de educación perpetúan las altas tasas de alumbramientos entre adolescentes.
  • El progreso en la ampliación del uso de métodos anticonceptivos por parte de las mujeres se ha ralentizado.
  • El uso de métodos anticonceptivos es menor entre las mujeres más pobres y las que no tienen educación.
  • La escasez de fondos para la planificación familiar es una enorme falla en el cumplimiento del compromiso de mejorar la salud reproductiva de las mujeres.
MDG 5 Infographic

GOAL 6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA AND OTHER DISEASES

OBJETIVO 6: COMBATIR EL VIH/SIDA, LA MALARIA Y OTRAS ENFERMEDADES

Target 6.A: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS

Meta 6.A: Haber detenido y comenzado a reducir la propagación del VIH/SIDA en 2015
  • New HIV infections fell by approximately 40% between 2000 and 2013.
  • Globally, an estimated 35 million people were still living with HIV in 2013.
  • More than 75% of the new infections in 2013 occurred in 15 countries.
  • Worldwide, an estimated 0.8% of adults aged 15 to 49 were living with HIV in 2013.
  • La propagación del VIH parece haberse estabilizado en la mayoría de las regiones, y más personas sobreviven más tiempo.
  • Mucha gente joven sigue sin saber cómo protegerse contra el VIH.
  • Empoderar a las mujeres a través de la educación sobre el SIDA sí es posible, tal como varios países lo han demostrado.
  • En África subsahariana, el conocimiento sobre VIH es mayor en los sectores más prósperos y entre quienes viven en áreas urbanas.
  • Disparidades en uso de preservativo por género y por ingresos del núcleo familiar.
  • El uso de preservativo durante las relaciones sexuales de alto riesgo está siendo cada vez más aceptado en algunos países, siendo uno de los pilares de la prevención eficaz del VIH.
  • Los vínculos entre violencia de género e infección por VIH son cada vez mas evidentes.
  • Los niños huérfanos por SIDA sufren más que la pérdida de sus padres.
Target 6.B: Achieve by 2010 universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it
Meta 6.B: Lograr para 2010 el acceso universal al tratamiento del VIH/SIDA de todas las personas que lo necesiten
  • By June 2014, 13.6 million people living with HIV were receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) globally, an increase from 800,000 in 2003.
  • In 2013 alone, the number of people receiving ART rose by 1.9 million in the developing regions.
  • ART averted 7.6 million deaths from AIDS between 1995 and 2013.
  • Antiretroviral medicines to treat HIV were delivered to 12.1 million people in developing regions in 2014.
  • La tasa de nuevas infecciones por VIH sigue superando a la expansión del tratamiento.
  • La expansión de los tratamientos para mujeres seropositivas también protege a los recién nacidos.
Target 6.C: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases
Meta 6.C: Haber detenido y comenzado a reducir, en 2015, la incidencia de la malaria y otras enfermedades graves

  • Between 2000 and 2015, the substantial expansion of malaria interventions led to a 58%  decline in malaria mortality rates globally.
  • Since 2000, over 6.2 million deaths from malaria were averted, primarily in children under 5 years of age in Sub-Saharan Africa.
  • Due to increased funding, more children are sleeping under insecticide-treated bed nets in sub-Saharan Africa.
  • Tuberculosis prevention, diagnosis and treatment interventions have saved some 37 million lives between 2000 and 2013.
  • Aumenta la producción de redes para mosquitos tratadas con insecticida
  • En África, el uso de mosquiteras tratadas con insecticida protege a la población contra la malaria
  • La pobreza sigue limitando el uso de mosquiteras
  • La adquisición de medicamentos antipalúdicos más efectivos sigue aumentando rápidamente en todo el mundo
  • Los niños de los hogares más pobres tienen menor probabilidad de recibir tratamiento para malaria
  • Los fondos externos están ayudando a reducir la incidencia de malaria y las muertes, pero se necesita apoyo adicional
  • Continúan los avances en tuberculosis
  • La prevalencia de tuberculosis está disminuyendo en la mayoría de las regiones
  • La tuberculosis sigue siendo la segunda causa de muertes en el mundo, después del VIH.
MDG 6 Infographic

GOAL 7:
ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
OBJETIVO 7: GARANTIZAR LA SOSTENIBILIDAD DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE

Target 7.A: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources
Meta 7.A: Incorporar los principios del desarrollo sostenible en las políticas y los programas nacionales y reducir la pérdida de recursos del medio ambiente
  • Forests are a safety net, especially for the poor, but they continue to disappear at an alarming rate.
  • An increase in afforestation, a slight decrease in deforestation and the natural expansion of forests have reduced the net loss of forest from an average of 8.3 million hectares annually in the 1990s to an average of 5.2 million hectares annually between 2000 and 2010.
  • Between 1990 and 2012, global emissions of carbon dioxide increased by over 50%.
  • Ozone-depleting substances have been virtually eliminated, and the ozone layer is expected to recover by the middle of this century.
  • La tasa de deforestación muestra signos de remisión, pero sigue siendo alarmantemente alta.
  • Se necesita urgentemente dar una respuesta decisiva al problema del cambio climático.
  • El éxito sin precedentes del Protocolo de Montreal demuestra que una acción concluyente sobre cambio climático está a nuestro alcance.
Target 7.B: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss
Meta 7.B: Haber reducido y haber ralentizado considerablemente la pérdida de diversidad biológica en 2010
  • Protected ecosystems covered 15.2% of land and 8.4% of coastal marine areas worldwide by 2014.
  • El mundo no ha alcanzado la meta de 2010 de conservación de la biodiversidad, con posibles consecuencias muy graves.
  • Los hábitats de las especies en peligro no están siendo adecuadamente protegidos.
  • La cantidad de especies en peligro de extinción sigue creciendo a diario, especialmente en países en vías de desarrollo.
  • La sobreexplotación de la pesca global se ha estabilizado, pero quedan enormes desafíos para asegurar su sostenibilidad.
Target 7.C: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
Meta 7.C: Reducir a la mitad, para 2015, la proporción de personas sin acceso sostenible al agua potable y a servicios básicos de saneamiento
  • The world has met the target of halving the proportion of people without access to improved sources of water, five years ahead of schedule.
  • Between 1990 and 2015, 2.6 billion people gained access to improved drinking water sources.
  • Worldwide 2.1 billion people have gained access to improved sanitation. Despite progress, 2.4 billion are still using unimproved sanitation facilities, including 946 million people who are still practicing open defecation.
  • El mundo está en camino de cumplir con la meta sobre agua potable, aunque en algunas regiones queda mucho por hacer.
  • Se necesitan esfuerzos acelerados y específicos para llevar agua potable a todos los hogares rurales.
  • El suministro de agua potable sigue siendo un desafío en muchas partes del mundo.
  • Dado que la mitad de la población de las regiones en vías de desarrollo carece de servicios sanitarios, la meta de 2015 parece estar fuera de alcance.
  • Las diferencias en lo que respecta a cobertura de instalaciones sanitarias entre zonas urbanas y rurales siguen siendo abismales.
  • Las mejoras en los servicios sanitarios no están llegando a los más pobres.
Target 7.D: Achieve, by 2020, a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers
Meta 7.D: Haber mejorado considerablemente, en 2020, la vida de al menos 100 millones de habitantes de barrios marginales

  • Between 2000 and 2014, more than 320 million people living in slums gained access to improved water sources, improved sanitation facilities, or durable or less crowded housing, thereby exceeding the MDG target.
  • More than 880 million people are estimated to be living in slums today, compared to 792 million in 2000 and 689 million in 1990.
  • Las mejoras de barrios marginales, si bien han sido considerables, son insuficientes para compensar el aumento de personas pobres en zonas urbanas.
  • Se necesita una meta revisada sobre la mejora de barrios marginales para fomentar las iniciativas a nivel país.

Breaking silence on open defecation

MDG 7 Infographic

GOAL 8: DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP
FOR DEVELOPMENT

OBJETIVO 8: FOMENTAR UNA ALIANZA MUNDIAL PARA EL DESARROLLO

Target 8.A: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system
Meta 8.A: Atender las necesidades especiales de los países menos desarrollados, los países sin litoral y los pequeños estados insulares en vías de desarrollo

  • Official development assistance from developed countries increased by 66% in real terms between 2000 and 2014, reaching $135.2 billion.
  • Sólo cinco países donantes han alcanzado la meta de la ONU en cuanto a ayuda oficial.
Target 8.B: Address the special needs of least developed countries
Meta 8.B: Continuar desarrollando un sistema comercial y financiero abierto, basado en reglas establecidas, predecible y no discriminatorio
  • In 2014, bilateral aid to least developed countries (LDCs) fell 16% in real terms, reaching $25 billion.
  • 79% of imports from developing countries enter developed countries duty-free.
  • Los países en vías de desarrollo logran un mayor acceso a los mercados de los países desarrollados.
  • Los países menos desarrollados se benefician más por las reducciones de tarifas, especialmente en sus productos agrícolas.
Target 8.C: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing States
Meta 8.C: Lidiar en forma integral con la deuda de los países en vías de desarrollo

  • Projections indicate that a 2.5% increase in country programmable aid in 2015, mainly through disbursements by multilateral agencies, will most benefit least developed and other low-income countries.
  • La carga de la deuda disminuyó para los países en vías de desarrollo y continúa muy por debajo de sus niveles históricos.
Target 8.D: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries
Meta 8.D: En cooperación con el sector privado, hacer más accesible los benefi cios de las nuevas tecnologías, especialmente las de información y comunicaciones
  • In 2013, the debt burden of developing countries was 3.1%, a major improvement over the 2000 figure of 12.0%. 
  • Crece la demanda de tecnologías de telecomunicación.
  • Internet sigue siendo inaccesible para la mayoría de los habitantes del planeta.
  • Hay una gran brecha entre quienes cuentan con conexión de alta velocidad a Internet, la mayoría en países desarrollados, y los usuarios que utilizan conexión telefónica.
Target 8.E: In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries
(No está en la versión en español)
  • From 2007 to 2014, on average, generic medicines were available in 58% of public health facilities in low-income and lower-middle-income countries.
Target 8.F: In cooperation with the private sector, make available benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications
(No está en la versión en español)
  • Globally, the proportion of the population covered by a 2G mobile-cellular network grew from 58% in 2001 to 95% in 2015.
  • Internet use penetration has grown from just over 6% of the world’s population in 2000 to 43% in 2015. 3.2 billion people are linked to a global network of content and applications.
Monitoring aid delivery
Supervisar la entrega de la ayuda
  • The Integrated Implementation Framework (IIF) was developed to record and monitor financial as well as policy commitments made in support of the MDGs by UN Member States and other international stakeholders.
  • El Marco de aplicación integrada fue desarrollado para registrar y supervisar financieramente, así como los compromisos políticos hechos en apoyo de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio por los Estados miembros de la ONU y otros actores internacionales.
MDG 8 Infographic

To learn more  |  Para saber más
-
What have the Millennium Development Goals Achieved?, The Guardian, 6 July 2015
- Now it is possible to take stock - did the world achieve the Millennium Development Goals?, One World in Data

Related texts in this blog  |  Textos relacionados en este blog
Educación para Todos y Objetivos del Milenio no son la misma cosa
, Entrevista de Rosa María Torres con la CLADE.
1990-2015: Educación para Todos - Education for All (compilation)
1990-2030: Global education goals | Metas globales para la educación
Goal 4: Education - Sustainable Development Goals | Objetivo 4: Educación - Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible 
International Initiatives for Education | Iniciativas internacionales para la educación

LinkWithin

Related Posts Plugin for WordPress, Blogger...